feat(security): a TOTP code can be used once

RFC 6238 says the verifier must reject a code it has already accepted: a code
stays valid for its whole thirty-second window, so one seen in flight — a
phishing page, a proxy, over the shoulder — could be replayed until it expired.

Tasks now record the counter of the last accepted step (totp_last_step), and a
login accepts a code only when its step is strictly greater. The guard is in the
UPDATE, not a read-then-write, so two logins racing with the same stolen code
cannot both find the old value and both proceed — exactly one moves the row.

auth.TOTPStep is VerifyTOTP that also reports which step matched, walking the
same one-step window; the code entered a little early or late spends the step it
was issued at, not the step it was checked at, so a late-but-valid code is still
single-use. Verified end to end: the same code presented to two logins in one
window is accepted once and refused the second time.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>

internal/httpapi/auth_handlers.go

@@ -218,7 +218,24 @@ func (s *Server) handleLoginTOTP(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 		return
 	}
 
-	err := auth.VerifyTOTP(user.TOTPSecret, req.Code, time.Now())
+	step, err := auth.TOTPStep(user.TOTPSecret, req.Code, time.Now())
+	if err == nil {
+		// The code is right; now it must also be unused. A TOTP code stays valid for
+		// its whole window, so one observed in flight — a phishing page, a proxy,
+		// over the shoulder — could otherwise be replayed until it expires. Spending
+		// the step here makes it single-use: a second presentation of the same code,
+		// or an earlier one, finds the step already gone.
+		fresh, cerr := s.db.ConsumeTOTPStep(r.Context(), user.ID, step)
+		if cerr != nil {
+			s.internal(w, r, "consume totp step", cerr)
+			return
+		}
+		if !fresh {
+			writeError(w, http.StatusUnauthorized, CodeUnauthorized,
+				"that verification code has already been used")
+			return
+		}
+	}
 	if err != nil {
 		// A recovery code is accepted in the same field. Making somebody find a
 		// different form while locked out of their account is a poor time to

internal/httpapi/auth_test.go

@@ -372,6 +372,50 @@ func TestTOTPEnrolmentAndTwoStepLogin(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+// A TOTP code works once. A code seen in flight and replayed inside its window
+// must be refused the second time, or the second factor is only as good as the
+// thirty seconds an attacker has to reuse what they captured.
+func TestTOTPCodeIsSingleUse(t *testing.T) {
+	ts := newTestServer(t)
+	ts.bootstrap(t)
+
+	resp, body := ts.do(t, "POST", "/api/v1/auth/totp/setup", map[string]string{
+		"password": "et langt kodeord",
+	})
+	if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
+		t.Fatalf("totp setup: %d %v", resp.StatusCode, body)
+	}
+	secret, _ := body["secret"].(string)
+	resp, body = ts.do(t, "POST", "/api/v1/auth/totp/confirm", map[string]string{
+		"code": codeFor(t, secret),
+	})
+	if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
+		t.Fatalf("totp confirm: %d %v", resp.StatusCode, body)
+	}
+
+	// One code, captured once and presented twice.
+	code := codeFor(t, secret)
+
+	ts.do(t, "POST", "/api/v1/auth/logout", nil)
+	ts.do(t, "POST", "/api/v1/auth/login", map[string]string{
+		"email": "kristian@example.dk", "password": "et langt kodeord",
+	})
+	resp, body = ts.do(t, "POST", "/api/v1/auth/login/totp", map[string]string{"code": code})
+	if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
+		t.Fatalf("first use of the code failed: %d %v", resp.StatusCode, body)
+	}
+
+	// A second login, same code, same window.
+	ts.do(t, "POST", "/api/v1/auth/logout", nil)
+	ts.do(t, "POST", "/api/v1/auth/login", map[string]string{
+		"email": "kristian@example.dk", "password": "et langt kodeord",
+	})
+	resp, body = ts.do(t, "POST", "/api/v1/auth/login/totp", map[string]string{"code": code})
+	if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusUnauthorized {
+		t.Fatalf("the same code was accepted twice: %d %v", resp.StatusCode, body)
+	}
+}
+
 // A recovery code is accepted in the same field as a TOTP code, and works once.
 func TestRecoveryCodeCompletesLoginOnce(t *testing.T) {
 	ts := newTestServer(t)